Kolu luhlu lwamagama ekhompyutheni olunamagama aqala ngonobumba P, Q kunye no-R, siza kuhlalutya ngokweenkcukacha kwimiba ephambili ukuze siqonde ilizwe lekhompuyutha kunye nothungelwano ngomnxeba. Kwezinye iimeko, amagama aziwa ngokubanzi, kodwa kwabanye ngamagama okanye amagama anokuthi angabikho kuluntu ngokubanzi, kodwa oko kubalulekile ekuqondeni iziseko zokusebenza kwezobuchwepheshe, ngakumbi kwiinethiwekhi kunye neenkqubo zekhompyutha.
Uluhlu lwamagama ekhompyuter: P, Q kunye no-R
- Izibini ezijijekileyo: Luhlobo lo intambo yenethiwekhi equlathe iikondaktari ezimbini ezigqunyiweyo eziphothiweyo kunye. Isetyenziswa ikakhulu kunxibelelwano lwe-telecommunications kunye nothungelwano lwekhompyuter ukunciphisa ukuphazamiseka kwe-electromagnetic. Kukho iintlobo ezimbini: i isibini esijijekileyo esikhuselekileyo (STP) kunye ne isibini esijijekileyo esingakhuselekanga (UTP).
Iinkcukacha ezongezelelweyo: I-twisted pair yeyona teknoloji isetyenziswa kakhulu kwiinethiwekhi ze-Ethernet. Ukujijwa kweentambo ezimbini kunciphisa ukuphazamiseka phakathi kwezibini ezikufutshane kunye nakwimithombo yangaphandle, ukufumana umlinganiselo omhle wesignali-to-ngxolo. Olu hlobo lwentambo alubizi kwaye kulula ukuyifaka, luyenza idume kumakhaya nakwiiofisi. Umthamo wayo uyahluka ngokuxhomekeke kuhlobo lwekhebula (udidi) nokuba lukhuselwe okanye alukhuselwanga.
Iwebhusayithi
- Iwebhusayithi: Yaziwa nje ngokuba 'yiwebhu', ibhekisa kuxwebhu okanye kwisixhobo solwazi esifumaneka ngesikhangeli sewebhu. La maphepha enziwe nge HTML kwaye badla ngokuba yinxalenye yewebhusayithi.
Iinkcukacha ezongezelelweyo: Elinye lamaphepha elenza indawo ye Iwebhu yelizwe jikelele (WWW) iqulethe ikhonkco zangaphakathi okanye zangaphandle ezivumela ukuhamba phakathi kwazo. Amaphepha ewebhu agcinwa kwiiseva kwaye anokufikelelwa ngabantu ngokusebenzisa izikhangeli. Zihlanganiswe kwiiwebhusayithi, apho iphepha eliphambili libizwa khona ekhaya.
Iphakheji (ipakethi)
- Iphakheji (ipakethi): Yiyunithi yedatha ethunyelwa kuthungelwano lwekhompyuter. Igama libhekisela kuzo zombini iinkcukacha kunye neentloko kunye nezinye iinkcukacha zolawulo ezivumela ukuhanjiswa ngokuchanekileyo kolwazi.
Iinkcukacha ezongezelelweyo: Ngaphambi kokudluliselwa, ulwazi lwahlulahlulwe lube ziipakethi ezincinci eziqulethe inxalenye yomyalezo kunye nedatha ethile efana nemvelaphi, indawo ekuyiwa kuyo kunye nolandelelwano lweepakethi. Ezi ziphinda zidityaniswe kwindawo ekuyiwa kuyo ukuze kwakhiwe kwakhona umyalezo oyintsusa opheleleyo. Le ndlela ikuvumela ukuba ulawule ukuthengiselana kwemithamo emikhulu yedatha kwi-Intanethi ngokufanelekileyo.
Inombolo yokuvula
- Inombolo yokuvula: Kwaziwa njenge password, luluhlu lweempawu ezisetyenziselwa ukuqinisekisa ubuni bomsebenzisi okanye ukufikelela kumthombo okhuselweyo.
Iinkcukacha ezongezelelweyo: Amagama okugqithisa ahlala edibanisa iileta, amanani, kunye namagama akhethekileyo ukwandisa ukhuseleko lwabo. Eyona ndlela ilungileyo kukusebenzisa amagama ayimfihlo akhethekileyo, antsokothileyo kwiakhawunti nganye kwaye uwatshintshe ngamaxesha athile.
I-PCMCIA
- I-PCMCIA: Isishunqulelo soMbutho weHlabathi weMemori yeKhompyutha yoBuqu. Ibhekisa kuhlobo lwekhadi lokwandisa elalisetyenziswa ikakhulu kwiikhomputha zelaptop ukongeza iimpawu ezongezelelweyo ezinjengokwandiswa kwememori, uqhagamshelo lwenethiwekhi, okanye ugcino olongezelelweyo.
Iinkcukacha ezongezelelweyo: Nangona amakhadi e-PCMCIA aye athatyathelwa indawo kakhulu zezinye izixhobo ezifana nezinti ze-USB kunye neendawo zokubeka i-ExpressCard, zidlale indima ebalulekileyo ekwandiseni amandla eelaptops zakuqala, zivumela ukongezwa kwamacandelo afana neemodem, amakhadi eWiFi, phakathi kwabanye.
PDF (iFomathi yoXwebhu oluphathekayo)
- PDF: Le fomati yefayile yaphuhliswa yi-Adobe Systems ukuze ibambe kwaye ivelise kwakhona amaxwebhu kunye nemizobo kwinkangeleko yawo yasekuqaleni, nokuba sisiphi isixhobo okanye iqonga ajongwa kulo.
Iinkcukacha ezongezelelweyo: Iifayile zePDF zibe ngumgangatho woshishino wokwabelana ngamaxwebhu, njengoko zikuvumela ukuba ugcine ifomathi kwaye ukhusele imixholo, imvume yokuhlela umda, phakathi kweminye imisebenzi. Zisetyenziswa kakhulu kwiofisi, imfundo kunye nolawulo lukarhulumente.
ukwenza
Performance: Kwinkalo yezobuchwepheshe, ithetha ukusebenza okanye ukukwazi komatshini okanye inkqubo ukwenza umsebenzi, olinganiselwa ngokwesantya, ukusebenza kakuhle, kunye nokusetyenziswa kobutyebi.
Iinkcukacha ezongezelelweyo: Ukusebenza kweKhompyutha kulinganiswa ngezibonakaliso ezahlukeneyo ezifana nesantya sokucubungula, ixesha lokuphendula kunye nokusebenza kakuhle ekusebenziseni izixhobo zenkqubo (inkumbulo, amandla, njl.). Ukuphucula ukusebenza ngundoqo ekuphuculeni amava omsebenzisi kunye nokwenza uninzi lwezibonelelo ezikhoyo.
Iziphaluka
- Umjikelo: Izixhobo zangaphandle eziqhagamshela kwikhompyuter. Imizekelo: ikhibhodi, imouse, umshicileli, iskena, phakathi kwezinye.
Iinkcukacha ezongezelelweyo: Iiperipherals zihlelwa zibe ziindidi ezimbini: izixhobo zokungenisa (ikhibhodi, imouse) ezivumela idatha ukuba ifakwe kwikhompyuter, kunye nezixhobo eziphumayo (izikrini, abashicileli) ezibonisa okanye ziprinte idatha evela ekuqhubeni.
PHP
- PHP: Ulwimi lwenkqubo olusetyenziswa ngokubanzi kuphuhliso lwewebhu oluvumela ukuvelisa umxholo oguqukayo kumaphepha ewebhu.
Iinkcukacha ezongezelelweyo: I-PHP lulwimi oluvulelekileyo olusetyenziswa ngokubanzi ekudaleni iiwebhusayithi ezisebenzisanayo kunye nosetyenziso lwewebhu. Idibanisa kakuhle kunye ne-database efana ne-MySQL, eyenza idume ukuphuhlisa izicelo ezifana nezitolo ze-intanethi, iinkqubo zokulawula umxholo, phakathi kwabanye.
iphreaker
- iphreaker: Umntu okhohlisa iisistim zemfonomfono ukuze afumane ithuba lokungena ngaphandle kwemvume. Umsebenzi wabo ugqalwa njengongekho mthethweni, kuba wophula unxibelelwano ngemfonomfono.
Iinkcukacha ezongezelelweyo: Nangona uninzi lomsebenzi we-phreak lwenzeka ngexesha le-70 kunye ne-80s, ngaphambi kokunyuka kwe-Intanethi, ibeke imizekelo kwinto esiyaziyo ngoku njengefowuni yokugebenga. Abanye abona bantu badumileyo, abanjengoJohn Draper (owaziwa ngokuba yiCap'n Crunch), bawuphakamisa lo mbono waba yinkcubeko edumileyo.
pixel
- Pixel: Yeyona yunithi incinci yolwazi lwegraphic kumboniso wedijithali. Lilungu elisisiseko layo yonke imifanekiso esiyibonayo kwikhompyuter okanye kwiscreen sefowuni ephathwayo.
Iinkcukacha ezongezelelweyo: Izikrini zenziwe ngezigidi zeepixels ezicwangciswe kwigridi. Ipixel nganye inombala othile, kwaye indibaniselwano yamawaka okanye izigidi zayo ivelisa imifanekiso esiyibonayo. Umgangatho womfanekiso okanye isikrini ulinganiswa kwisisombululo sawo, oko kukuthi, inani leepixels kwindawo yeyunithi.
Ikhadi lemifanekiso
- Ibhodi yokukhawulezisa imizobo: Iisekethe ezongezelelweyo eziphucula ubunakho bemizobo yekhompyuter, ivumela imifanekiso kunye nemidlalo ukuba inikezelwe ngesantya esiphezulu sokuqhubekeka.
Iinkcukacha ezongezelelweyo: Iibhodi zeaccelerator zeGraphics, ezaziwa ngokuba ngamakhadi emizobo okanye ii-GPU, zibalulekile kwimisebenzi efana noyilo lwegraphic, ukuhlelwa kwevidiyo, kunye nemidlalo yevidiyo. Ezi bhodi zikhuphela ukuphakanyiswa okunzima kokulungiswa kwemizobo kwiprosesa ephambili (CPU), iphucula ukusebenza ngokubanzi.
ibhodi Ethernet
- Ibhodi ye-Ethernet: Isixhobo se-Hardware esisetyenziselwa ukuqhagamshela iikhomputha kuthungelwano kusetyenziswa iintambo ze-Ethernet, ezivumela ukuhanjiswa kwedatha ngesantya esiphezulu phakathi kwezixhobo.
Iinkcukacha ezongezelelweyo: Amakhadi e-Ethernet ayimfuneko kuthungelwano lwasekhaya (LAN). Kukho imigangatho eyahlukeneyo kunye nezantya zala makhadi, ukusuka kwi-100 Mbps ukuya kwi-1 Gbps okanye ngaphezulu. Nangona iikhompyuter ezininzi zanamhlanje ziza noqhagamshelo lwe-Ethernet olwakhelwe kwi-motherboard, amakhadi okongeza akuvumela ukuba uphucule ukusebenza okanye wongeze uqhagamshelo olongezelelweyo.
Iplagi kunye nokudlala
Iplagi kunye nokudlala: Itekhnoloji evumela abasebenzisi ukuba baqhagamshele isixhobo kwikhompyuter ngaphandle kwesidingo sokufakela isoftwe eyongezelelweyo okanye ukucwangciswa ngesandla.
Iinkcukacha ezongezelelweyo: Le teknoloji yenza lula ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo ezifana nabashicileli, iimpuku okanye i-pendrives, ukwenza lula ukusebenzisana komsebenzisi kunye nehardware yomatshini. Inkqubo yokusebenza ibona ngokuzenzekelayo izixhobo, inika abaqhubi abayimfuneko.
Faka iplagi
Faka iplagi: Inkqubo eyongezelelweyo edityanisiweyo kwezinye isoftware yokwandisa ukusebenza kwayo, njengabadlali bemultimedia okanye abafundi abakhethekileyo kwizikhangeli.
Iinkcukacha ezongezelelweyo: Iiplagi zikuvumela ukuba udibanise imisebenzi emitsha ngaphandle kokuguqula isoftware ephambili. Imizekelo yeplug-ins yiAdobe Flash, evumele umxholo wemultimedia ukuba udlalwe kwizikhangeli, okanye izongezo zesoftware yoyilo efana nePhotoshop.
IpostiScript
- I-PostScript: Ulwimi lwenkqubo lokudala imifanekiso yevektha kunye noyilo loshicilelo. Isetyenziswa kakhulu kubashicileli belaser kunye noshicilelo lwedesktop ukuprinta amaxwebhu akumgangatho ophezulu.
Iinkcukacha ezongezelelweyo: I-PostScript yaphuhliswa yi-Adobe Systems kwaye iluncedo ngakumbi kuyilo lwegraphic kunye nocinezelo lwangaphambili. Ivumela iingcali ukuba zilawule uyilo kunye nomgangatho wemifanekiso ekushicileleni kokugqibela.
Iprosesa
- Inkqubo: Ikwabizwa ngokuba yi-CPU, bubuchopho bekhompyuter. Apha yonke imiyalelo kunye nezibalo eziyimfuneko ukwenza imisebenzi kwinkqubo yokusebenza kunye nezicelo zicutshungulwa.
Iinkcukacha ezongezelelweyo: Iiprosesa zenziwe ngama-cores amaninzi kunye nee-cache ezivumela ukuba benze imisebenzi emininzi ngexesha elinye. Phakathi kwabavelisi abaziwayo yi-Intel kunye ne-AMD, evelisa iiprosesa zokusetyenziswa kwekhaya kunye nobugcisa. Ukuvela kwe-single-core ukuya kwi-multi-core processors kuye kwaphucula kakhulu isantya seekhompyuter kunye nezixhobo eziphathwayo.
Inkqubo
- Inkqubo: Iseti yemigaqo evumela unxibelelwano phakathi kweenkqubo ezimbini kuthungelwano. Ezi zichaza indlela idatha emele idluliswe ngayo kwaye ifanele itolikwe njani xa ifika kwindawo yayo.
Iinkcukacha ezongezelelweyo: Iiprothokholi zibalulekile ukuseka unxibelelwano oluyimpumelelo phakathi kwezixhobo ezahlukeneyo kuthungelwano. Eminye imizekelo yi-TCP/IP (eyona ndlela iphambili ye-Intanethi ye-Intanethi), i-UDP kunye ne-HTTP. Ezi prothokholi zichaza yonke into ukusuka ekubeni unxibelelwano lomzimba phakathi kwezixhobo kufuneka lube njani ukuya kwindlela idatha ekufuneka ihambe ngayo kwinethiwekhi ngaphandle kokonakala.
Ulwazi lwale migaqo luya kukuvumela ukuba uqonde ngcono kwaye uphathe iikhonsepthi eziphambili ze-computing, uthungelwano kunye nonxibelelwano lomnxeba, kukunika ingqiqo enzulu malunga nokusebenza kwezixhobo ezidibeneyo kunye neenkqubo esizisebenzisa yonke imihla.